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Statistics Explained

Plain-language explainers of the concepts behind the numbers, so the output of every analysis makes sense.

Statistics Explained

Cp, Cpk, Pp, Ppk: Process Capability Explained

The four capability indices in plain language — and the assumption they all share.

Statistics Explained

Type I, II, and III Sums of Squares

On unbalanced data the same effect gets three different F-tests. Which is right?

Statistics Explained

Effect Size: Cohen's d, Hedges' g, and Eta Squared

A p-value says whether an effect exists, not how big. Report the size too.

Statistics Explained

What Is Correspondence Analysis?

PCA for categorical data: turn a big cross-tab into one readable map.

Statistics Explained

Decision Trees on Real Data

Let 54,000 diamonds carve their own rules — and confirm the finding from a new angle.

Statistics Explained

Reading a PCA You Didn't Write

Name each component from its loadings — and let PCA explain a real mystery.

Statistics Explained

When to Log-Transform Skewed Data

When the log transform earns its place — and why it isn't just cosmetic.

Statistics Explained

Simpson's Paradox in the Wild

The best-cut diamonds look cheapest — until you find the confounder hiding in plain sight.

Statistics Explained

Violin vs Box Plot: Which Should You Use?

Both compare groups, but one shows summaries and the other shows shape.

Statistics Explained

How to Read a Correlation Matrix

Read every pair's relationship at once, with the significant ones highlighted.

Statistics Explained

Reading Regression Diagnostics

R², VIF, Cook's distance and residual plots — whether to believe the model.

Statistics Explained

Understanding PCA Loadings & Scores

Loadings tell you what a component means; scores tell you where each observation sits.

Statistics Explained

What Is a Control Chart? SPC & the Nelson Rules

How SPC tells ordinary variation from a real change — and what the Nelson rules detect.

Statistics Explained

Correlation vs Causation: Pearson vs Spearman

What correlation does and doesn't mean, and when to use Pearson vs Spearman.

Statistics Explained

Mean vs Median: Which Should You Report?

Two measures of center that agree for symmetric data and diverge for skewed data.

Statistics Explained

ANOVA Assumptions Explained

Normality, equal variance, independence — what each assumption means and how to check it.

Statistics Explained

Box Plots Explained: Quartiles, IQR & Outliers

Median, quartiles, the IQR box, whiskers and outliers — read a box plot at a glance.